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زمینشناسی و معدن::
نیروهای تکتونیک
Wyoming's Grand Tetons are the result of crustal defor- mation created by tectonic forces that operate in Earth's interior.
Foliation and rock cleavage were examined in Chapter 8; this chapter is devoted to the other major structural features of Earth's crust and the tectonic forces that pro- duce them.
Plate motions and plate interactions along their margins generate the tectonic forces that cause rock to deform.
In general, when tectonic forces are applied gradu- ally over long spans of time, rocks tend to display ductile behavior and deform by bending or flowing.
When tectonic forces cause upwarping of the crust, rocks near the surface are stretched and pulled apart, forming fractures called joints (see Figure 10.26, page 321).
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